Addison’s disease in dogs causes symptoms treatment prognosis animal medicine portal

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Addison's disease (hypocorticism) in dogs is a Disease of the adrenal glands. In dogs, the adrenal glands are located to the side of the kidneys. They produce certain hormones in their cortex (adrenocortical hormones) such as the so-called Mineralocorticoids (z.B. aldosterone) and Glucocorticoids (z.B. cortisol). Both hormones play a vital role in metabolism.

In Addison's disease there is an Deficiency of these adrenocortical hormones. Bitches of large breeds are more affected by hypocorticism. Addison's disease in dogs can be sudden (acute) or gradual (chronic).

Is Addison's disease in dogs hereditary??

Dogs of any breed can develop Addison's disease. The disease is known to be hereditary in the large poodle, Portuguese water dog, Nova Scotia duck tolling retriever and bearded collie; a hereditary disposition (genetic predisposition) is suspected in other breeds.

What are the causes of Addison's disease in dogs??

The most common cause of Addison's disease in dogs is destruction of the adrenal cortex due to a disturbed immune system (autoimmune disease). It is therefore also called primary adrenal insufficiency (adrenal cortical weakness). As a result of tie destruction, the adrenal cortex no longer produces sufficient hormones. This causes the potassium, sodium, chlorine and water-concentrations out of balance.

The so-called secondary adrenal insufficiency (adrenal cortical weakness) occurs much less frequently in dogs and is due to Tumors, injuries or inflammations back. Furthermore, metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (diabetes) are associated with the occurrence of Addison's disease in dogs.

Stress and infections can lead to Addison's crisis lead: The dog is suddenly apathetic, weak, may become dehydrated (indicated by dry, sticky mucous membranes) and may also collapse. Addisonian crisis is an absolute emergency – the dog needs immediate veterinary treatment!

How does Addison's disease manifest itself in dogs??

Dogs suffering from chronic Addison's disease often show it in their behavior: They act Feeling listless, lethargic and shaky. Common symptoms also include:

Often found in adrenal weakness blood in the stool of the dog. If left untreated, over time it comes to Heart and lung damage.

Grapefruit juice inhibits enzymes in the intestine that normally break down anticancer drugs. Thus, the drug stays in the body longer. This has now been shown in a study by US researchers.

Researchers have studied the interaction of food with a drug for the first time in a cancer study. The result: grapefruit can make cancer drugs more effective. A glass a day increases levels of the drugs in the blood by up to 350 percent – which could lower the dose needed.

Philadelphia. Grapefruit juice can make some cancer drugs more effective. The fruit juice inhibits enzymes in the intestine that normally break down these drugs. This keeps the drug in the body longer and reduces the dose needed to achieve the same effect. This is the result of a study conducted by U.S. researchers with 138 cancer patients, as reported by the scientists in the journal "Clinical Cancer Research" Report.

Researchers had studied the effect of grapefruit juice on the drug sirolimus. This substance, also known as rapamycin, has long been used to dampen the immune system in transplants, but according to the latest findings it is also effective against cancer tumors.

Just a scant quarter of a liter of grapefruit juice increased the level of sirolimus in the blood of these patients by up to 350 percent, the researchers write. To get to the drug's optimal effective blood level, these patients needed only 25 to 35 milligrams of sirolimus per week instead of the 90 milligrams that would otherwise be required.

Food and drug interaction

"This is the first cancer study to examine this interaction of food with a drug", Write study leader Ezra Cohen of the University of Chicago and his colleagues. It shows that a non-toxic food available in any supermarket can significantly improve the bioavailability of some drugs.

Sirolimus is a substance that inhibits the proliferation of cells and can therefore also slow down the growth of tumors. For some cancers, including Kaposi's sarcoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, this has been shown in studies, the researchers explain. Some chemicals related to sirolimus are also already being used to treat kidney cancer. Some tumors of the nervous system used. These drugs are broken down in the body by certain enzymes called p70-S6 kinases. The drugs must therefore be dosed relatively high to compensate for this ongoing degradation.

According to the researchers, the effect of fruit juice now found could help lower the dose of sirolimus and related agents in the future. This would spare patients many harmful side effects. But at the same time, they say, this also makes treatments much less expensive.

Anticancer drugs with and without fruit juice

For their study, the researchers divided 138 patients with terminal cancer into three groups. One received only the tumor-inhibiting sirolimus twice a week. The second group of patients took the drug plus a quart of grapefruit juice, and the third took sirolimus plus ketoconazole, a chemical that also inhibits degradative enzymes.

In all groups, the scientists increased the dosage of the anticancer drug only slowly until it reached the optimally effective concentration in the patients' blood. Patients taking only sirolimus needed 90 milligrams of the drug per week to get to optimally effective blood levels, researchers report. Patients who additionally drank grapefruit juice only needed 25 to 35 milligrams of the drug.

The fruit juice increased the concentration of the carcinogen in their blood by up to 350 percent, Cohen and his colleagues write. In the ketoconazole group, only 16 milligrams of the anticancer drug were needed. This chemical has a somewhat stronger effect than the fruit juice. The advantage of the juice, however, is that it is not toxic and can not cause an overdose.

Seborrheic dermatitis is an inflammation of areas of skin with high sebaceous gland density (z. B. face, scalp, upper body). The cause is unknown, but types of Malassezia a normal skin yeast, play a role. Seborrheic dermatitis is more common in patients with HIV and in those with certain neurological disorders. It is associated with occasional pruritus, scalp dandruff, and a yellow, greasy scaling on the hairline and face. Diagnosis is made on the basis of physical examination. Treatment is with tar shampoos or other medicated shampoos, as well as topical corticosteroids and antifungals. Despite the name, composition. The amount of sebum secretion is normal. The pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis is unknown, with disease severity related to skin colonization density with Malassezia-Yeast has been associated. Seborrheic dermatitis is most common in infants (usually within the first 3 months of life) and in adults between 30 and 70 years of age. Incidence and severity of the condition appear to be influenced by genetic factors, emotional or physical stress, and climate (usually worse in cool weather). Seborrheic dermatitis may resemble psoriasis Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease usually associated with sharply demarcated erythematous papules and plaques covered with silvery scales. Several factors. Learn more precede or are associated with it and form the so-called seborrhiasis. Seborrheic dermatitis may be more common and severe in patients with neurological disorders (especially Parkinson's disease M. Parkinson's M. Parkinson's disease is a slowly progressive degenerative disease characterized by resting tremor, rigor (stiffness), slow and decreased movements (bradykinesia) and gait and/or. Learn more ) or HIV/AIDS. Very rarely the dermatitis generalizes.

Symptoms and complaints

Symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis develop gradually, and the dermatitis is usually apparent only as dry flakes (scales) or greasy diffuse scaling of the scalp (dandruff) with variable itching. In severe disease, yellow-red scaly papules appear at the hairline, behind the ears and in the external auditory canal, on the eyebrows, in the axillae, on the bridge of the nose, in the nasolabial folds, and over the sternum. Occasionally, eyelid rim inflammation with dry yellow crusts and conjunctival irritation develops. Seborrheic dermatitis does not cause hair loss.

In newborns, seborrheic dermatitis is occasionally found with a thick, yellow, crusted scalp lesion (cradle cap), fire formation and yellowish scaling behind the ears, red papules on the face, and persistent diaper dermatitis. In older children and adults, thick, adherent, scaly plaques often develop on the scalp, which may be 1-2 cm in diameter.

Seborrheic dermatitis manifests as dry or greasy scales on the scalp; in severe cases, yellow-red scaly papules may appear at the hairline, behind the ears and in the external auditory canal, on the eyebrows, in the axillae, on the nose, and over the sternum.

Erythematous scaly lesions of seborrheic dermatitis in the retroauricular area.

This illustration shows cradle cap with thick, yellow crusted scalp lesions and diffuse erythema.

Biophoto Associates/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of seborrheic dermatitis is made on the basis of physical examination.

Seborrheic dermatitis may occasionally be difficult to distinguish from other conditions, such as. B. Psoriasis Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease usually associated with sharply defined erythematous papules and plaques covered with silvery scales. Multiple factors. Learn more , atopic dermatitis Atopic dermatitis (eczema) Atopic dermatitis (often referred to as eczema) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a complex pathogenesis involving genetic susceptibility, immunologic and. Learn more or Contact dermatitis Contact dermatitis Contact dermatitis is an acute inflammatory reaction of the skin triggered by irritants or allergens. The primary symptom is pruritus. The skin lesions. Learn More , Tinea Overview of Dermatophytosis Dermatophytosis is the term used to describe fungal infections of the keratin of the skin and nails. (Nail infection is referred to as tinea unguium or onychomycosis). The symptoms. Complaints. Learn More and Rosacea Rosacea is a chronic, inflammatory disease that causes facial redness, telangiectasias, erythema, papules, and pustules, as well as severe cases with rhinophyma. Learn more , be distinguishable.

Treatment

Topical therapy with antifungals, corticosteroids, and calcineurin inhibitors

Adults and older children

For adults with scalp involvement, zinc pyrithione, selenium sulfide, sulfur and salicylic acid, ketoconazole (2% and 1%), and tar shampoo (available over the counter) should be used daily or every other day until dandruff subsides and then 2 times per week thereafter. Until the scaling heals. Redness can be treated 2 times a day with a corticosteroid lotion (z. B. 0.01% fluocinolone acetonide solution, 0.025% triamcinolone acetonide lotion) are rubbed into the scalp or other hairy areas.

For seborrheic dermatitis (SD) of the postauricular areas, nasolabial folds, eyelid margins, and bridge of the nose, 1- to 2.5% hydrocortisone cream is rubbed in 2 to 3 times daily, and only 1 time daily after the lesions have responded. Hydrocortisone cream is the safest corticosteroid for the face, as fluorinated corticosteroids can cause side effects here (z. B. telangiectasias, atrophy, perioral dermatitis). In some patients, twice-daily administration of 2% ketoconazole cream or other topical imidazoles for 1-2 weeks results in months of remission. Imidazole or hydrokrtisone can be used as first line therapy. If necessary, both agents can be used at the same time. Calcineurin inhibitors ( Pimecrolimus and Tacrolimus) are also particularly effective when long-term use is required. For eyelid margin seborrhea, a solution of 1 part baby shampoo and 9 parts water is applied with a cotton swab.

Infants and children

Baby shampoo is used daily for infants, and 1 to 2.5% hydrocortisone cream or fluocinolone 0.01% oil can be used once or twice daily for redness and scaling on the scalp or face. Topical antifungals such as ketoconazole 2% cream or econazole 1% cream may also be helpful in severe cases. For thick lesions on an infant's scalp, mineral oil, olive oil, or a corticosteroid gel or oil is applied to the affected area before bedtime and rubbed with a toothbrush. The scalp is shampooed daily until the thick scales have disappeared.

Important points

In adults, seborrheic dermatitis causes scalp flaking and sometimes scaling around the eyebrows, nose and auricles, behind the ears, in the armpit and on the breastbone.

Seborrheic dermatitis may cause a thick, yellow, crusted lesion on the scalp in newborns or thick, scaly plaques on the scalp in older children.

The treatment can be. B. with medicated shampoos as well as topical corticosteroids.

Is Addison's disease in dogs hereditary??

What are the causes of Addison's disease in dogs??

How does Addison's disease manifest itself in dogs??

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